Hathor Cow standing in a pond.

Hathor Cow standing in a pond
The mountainside represents the Theban grave mountains.
Mummy shell fragment; cartonnage,
from Thebes;
Third Intermediate Period,
22nd Dynasty (943-746 BC)
Paris, Louvre Museum.

Mummification of the ancient Egyptians.

Mummification of the ancient Egyptians

• The Egyptian religion was associated with the doctrine of resurrection and eternity
• By their belief that death is a door to cross into the realm of permanent life
• And they were fond of it
• They called it the Eternal Life of Heaven
• The most desirable thing is to go to the underworld,
• Which makes the Egyptians looking for a way to secret eternity
• So they invented the art of mummification,
• Through the records of classical writers and historians who visited Egypt and the information provided by modern science by viewing the bodies
• And analyzing them and the tools and drugs used for mummification.
• In fact, despite the progress of the art of embalming, good methods of embalming
• Class I and II remained the exclusive domain
• Kings, princes and rich people,
• As for the ordinary Egyptians, their bodies were not embalmed in these ways
• Because of its high costs
• The Egyptians resorted to inventing a third method of inexpensive embalming for them, but it did not keep the body safe for a long time.
• 
  
• The concept of embalming
• At the beginning of the conversation about the art of mummification is an art that the ancient Egyptians excelled in,
• Mummification means a way to temporarily treat and cleanse the dead body
• From decomposition or rotting,
• As for the term mummy, we refer to the bodies that were found in Egypt
• It is a concept called on the body of any living being, whether an animal or a person,
• At the present time, other types of embalming have appeared, such as:
• Cryopreservation,
• And injecting the arteries with a liquid killing the microbes to spread in the body and keep it from degradation.
• When did the ancient Egyptians know the process of mummification:
• The start of mummification cannot be determined because mummies wrapped in linen were found from pre-dynastic times
• And that was burying their dead in a deep hole leaving the body
• Because sand is dry, hot, and sunlight,
• But it started from the beginning of the old country which witnessed the entry of sun worship
• And the construction of the pyramids of kings.Evolution in the mummification process:
• First: In the old country:
• Embalming was done by emptying the abdomen and then filling it with spices and resin
• Then the body is wrapped with linen.
• 
  
• Second: In the middle country:
• The embalming method was expensive using
• Glues with aroma, spices and resin
• And by removing the brain and internal organs and then soaked in natron for 70
• One day, they tried to save the body without a hole by injecting the body
• With cedar oil and turpentine.
• 
  
• Embalming accessories:
• As well as to embalming tools, I found other attachments:
• 1- Coffins and coffins:
• It is one of the ways to preserve the body through a situation inside
• A bowl of braided wood or straw which is called a coffin,
• In the third family it consisted of rectangular boxes of
• White limestone between untidy motifs,
• As for the era of the Old Kingdom, I confined myself to recording the name of the corpse and his nicknames on the coffin. In the modern state, the location of the decorations has changed.
• Just do not build it.
• 2- Linen Wraps:
• It is a soft fabric, used to make luxury clothing
• Dressed by priests, which were used to wrap and mummify mummified mummies.
• 
  
• 3- Amulets and Scarabs:
• They are magic amulets in the transformed Egyptians to protect their dead by
• Placed among the folds of wraps that spoil the body for protection in the afterlife
• Like the royal crown amulet.
• 4- Mummification Bed:
• The body of the dead was laying on the bed and gradually sliding toward the foot
• It was made of stone and it simulates with its legs and the forefront the lion shape
• 
  
• 5- Canopic vessels:
• The internal organs that were removed from the body were kept in four containers,
• This was called by the Greeks because of its covering
• Human or animal figures. The oldest vessels were found in the tomb of Queen Marsa Ankh, which was made of limestone or alabaster, but it was taken in
• Change takes different forms of human heads.Mummification steps:
• The researchers differed on the number of these steps, some of them said they were 13 and others said less, but these steps are in papyri
• The examination of Egyptian mummies is concentrated in six steps:
• 
  
• 1- Washing and disinfection:
• Embalms wash the deceased and clean it from dirt by putting it in
• Wash basin, and we rely at this stage on the views of the tomb of Jehuti - Huttab al-Barsha (20th century BC), the goal of washing with water and salt
• That is, it helps to resurrect and give birth.
• 2- Removal of the brain and viscera:
• The embalmer absorbed water into the body of the deceased and removed the viscera separately
• To dry it, the brain was removed first, then the abdomen and chest organs.
• 
  
• First: removal of the brain:
• The embalmers remove the brain through the filtered bone or from the opening
• Behind the neck, the mummified uses a long copper machine and burrows it inside the skull of the deceased and moves the other end outside the body, which is cut pieces to take it out of the nostrils.
• Insert it by the nose.
• Second: the viscera extract:
• The embalmer exits the heart, lungs, stomach, intestine, liver and kidneys
• By slitting the opening in the left side of the abdomen, it places these organs
• In natron salt, anoint it with rice oil, wrap it in linen and put it in the canopic vessels, and then return the heart and kidneys to the body of the deceased because the heart
• It has a role in the underworld as the intention.
• 
  
• 3- Laying the filling materials:
• This stage plays the role intended for mummified in the event of completion of 70 days.
• First: temporary filling materials:
• These substances are placed in the body of the dead and are not removed from it because they kill bacteria
• But they are removed from the body after the drying process, which are three types of linen wraps, which are: rollers with nitrile salt to absorb water, linen rolls that absorb the remaining fluids, linen rolls containing aromatic substances.
• 
  
• Second: permanent filling materials:
• They are fillers that remain in the hands between them: natron salt, sawdust,
• Bitter, cinnamon, linen rolls dipped in mucilage resin, onion.
• Third: Subcutaneous filler material:
• It is shown under the skin of the dead, giving the body its features when it was alive
• For the soul to recognize, it is placed in the middle layer of the epidermis
• It is the dermis and among these materials: clay, linen, sand, sawdust, butter and soda, these materials are placed through holes in
• Arms, legs and back.
• 
  
• 4- Drying:
• The embalmer throws large quantities of natron salt to the dead body
• For a period of 40 days to rid the body of body weight, which is water, and also rid it
• Of the foods eaten by the deceased, and nitrous salt consists of carbonate, bicarbonate, chloride and sodium sulfate so it plays an important role in
• The process of drying, at this point the deceased was put on
• A sloping stone bed and on top of the bed surface there is a canal that converges
• Water from the body is then collected in a basin under the bed. After the drying period has ended, the embalmer removes the nitrile salt and extracts the temporary filling materials.
• 5- Pouring oils and fats:
• This step treats physical transformations after drying, such as body color
• The burning of skin tissue, the contraction of fat under the skin, and embalming
• By pouring a boiling white liquid, which is the resin, on the dead body, the material
• To deal with this step: resin, rice oil, merry paint, beeswax, turpentine, and you took the mummified ten days to do the fat of the dead.
• He wrapped it in linen and clothes, and after mummification was over, he would pour the oils
• Body openings such as eyes, ears, nostrils and mouth by pressing the eyes to fall out and putting onion crust on top to prevent bacteria, blocking the ear and nose holes with resin disks, treating the mouth by filling it with linen and then sticking the lips with bees wax,
• As for the embalming hatch the mummified fear of entering evil spirits was attached
• On the hole, the protective eye amulet (flax lips) stitched with strings of linen and attached them to beeswax.
• 
  
• 6- Shrouding:
• After applying the face dye and applying the wigs, sandals and jewelry, the priest (Sashmo) then wraps the body two weeks with the shroud and each roll accompanies his reading
• For a spell, this stage aims to provide additional protection for the body to prevent decomposition. The shroud is colored red and the embalming steps are completed by placing the mask on the face of the deceased and then the supervisor reads the spells from the Book of the Dead
• The stuffed body is buried.
• Types of substances and drugs used for embalming: justice
• Natron:
• It is a substance consisting of bicarbonate and sodium carbonate and it is found in Wadi Natrun and when the lakes evaporate a white layer of salt is formed
• It is the natron, used by the fourth family to dry the bodies.
• 
  
• Bitumen:
• It is a substance that is placed in the hollows of the embalmed human body to protect it from decomposition
• Found after family and after.
• Resin materials:
• It is one of the main materials in embalming and it is a thick oil
• It is taken from the stem of the plant's juices: gum and myrrh.
• Beeswax:
• This substance was used in the mummification process to lock eyes, nose and mouth
• And paste the wound as a buffer.
• Schnepper (cassia) and cinnamon cucumber: Dried peels from trees in India and China, which are spices used as dried materials.
• the plants:
• Such as using onions to keep the corpse from mold and dates to dry the corpse of the corpse and the types of flowers to scent the corpse, and from the plant materials are sawdust and cotton to fill the corpse of the body and the henna plant to beautify the corpse.
• Smell-smelling drugs: They are used as scents with olive oil, frankincense, and resin-like resin.
• Salt (NaCl):
• Used as a substitute for natron, it is 50% present in natron.
• Embalming and workplace category:
• First: the embalming category:
• The information about the role of the mummifieds and their titles is inaccurate due to the secret of this profession, but through what Herodotus and Diodorus of Sicily mentioned and what was found from written traces, it was revealed that a special class of priests was performing the embalming process through learning and inheriting this profession from parents and grandparents, and it was for the mummified A chief supervises them, and he determines the cost of embalming the corpse. The embalms shared the responsibilities in the embalming process and wore a mask in the form of the head of Ibn Awi.Second: The workplace:
• The mummification process takes place in a special temple, the mummification temple, in which there are tools for embalming, sharp machines, types of ornaments, etc., and this temple is divided into three sections, namely:
• Section One:
• It is a place where deceased relatives are allowed to enter in order to agree with the mummified chief.
• The second section: It is a special place for mummified only.
• The third section: It is a place for handing the embalmed body to its relatives.

The god Thoth as a Baboon.

An Egyptian turquoise faience figure of the god Thoth as a Baboon.
According to ancient Egyptian beliefs, Thoth in his personification as a baboon, was supposed to be the first to greet the rising sun in the early morning.
Thoth was the god of wisdom and learning and was represented either as an ibis or as a baboon.

Window grill from a palace of Ramesses III

Window grill from a palace of Ramesses III
New Kingdom, Ramesside, Dynasty 20, Reign of Ramesses III, ca. 1184–1153 B.C.

Hathor, the goddess of art

A vase whose lid is in the form of the head of Hathor, the goddess of art, and the wife of Horus, founder of the throne of Egypt ... America - Boston - Museum of Fine Arts

wooden statue

wooden statue of Webawet-Em-Hat _Dynasty 10 _ First intermediate period2040 -2130 BC
Boston Museum of Fine Art.

Alabaster statues of King Menkau Ra of his pyramid The Royal Temple - Cult in Giza. That these statues were in the royal temple .. worship on the eastern side of its pyramid on the Giza plateau.

Queen Khamerernebty.

Queen Khamerernebty II, ,wife of MYCERINUS (Menkaure)
(reign 2490–2472 BC),
Boston.
Pair statue of King Mycerinus (Menkaure) and his wife,
Queen Khamerernebty II.

Statue of Lady Sennuwy

Statue of Lady SennuwyMiddle Kingdom Dynasty 12,
during the reign of Senwosret I
dated from the Middle kingdom period
and found in Kerma Sudan
and now housed in Boston Museum of Fine Arts Expedition

Queen Tiye as the goddess

Menat ( counterpoise ) - Necklace with Queen Tiye as the goddess Hathor - 1390–1352 B.C.Museum of Fine Arts Boston.

A black basalt statue attributed to Cleopatra VII

A black basalt statue attributed to Cleopatra VII,

It clearly shows the Greek influence on Egyptian art

Ptolemaic period is around 100 BC

Hermitage Museum / Russia

statues of Amenhotep

 Egyptian statues of Amenhotep , the priest of the god Amun, at Room 1: The Art of Ancient Egypt at the Ground Floor of the Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts Moscow.

An impressive piece of wood from the modern state.

An impressive piece of wood from the modern state,

Family 18

An Egyptian girl whose calm features are called "Renai"

The statue is on display in a museum in Russia

Who is the finest and most beautiful of the Egyptian woman, she is beautiful (Rinai)

The wife of the priest (Amenhotep) Dynasty 18 around 1450 BC.

Niki Ankh Ra.

The chief physician (Niki Ankh Ra) sits this strange session

He raised his left leg, while tilting his right leg

And stick it to the other one in an unfamiliar, uncomfortable position!

A statue of schist stone of the Lord of the Other World.

A statue of schist stone of the Lord of the Other World

He wears the atef crown and holds the royal symbols in his hands

Late era

Family 26

664-525 B.C.

From Saqqara

Tjel was a powerful man.

In 1360 BC Tjel was a powerful man. He was Major of Memphis, his wife Ipay was Nurse of the King, and their close relationship with the pharaoh enabled them to prepare for themselves a lavish burial.

Tjel and Ipay lived during the reign of Amenhotep III, one of the richest times in Egyptian history. The empire was vast and secure, tribute poured in from neighbouring states, eager to demonstrate their loyalty and court the kings favour, and his favoured subjects enjoyed great privileges.

For their burials, Tjel commissioned two large shabti-shaped figured, depicting the couple as mummified.

Their statues now reside in the Dutch National Museum of Antiquities in Leiden.

Lost. Then Found. Then Lost. Then Found.

Lost. Then Found. Then Lost. Then Found.

Maya was Overseer of the Treasury and Overseer of Works during the reign of Tutankhamun (1333-1323 B.C.). This made him responsible for Egypt's home affairs during the unsettled time following the heresy of King Akhenaten, who had closed all the temples and only adored the sun god Aten.

It was Maya who helped to re-establish the traditional cults and who fashioned new statues for the numerous sanctuaries throughout Egypt, while his colleague, the General Horemheb , pacified the revolting foreign countries.

At Tutankhamun's death, Maya was responsible for the royal burial, which contained objects inscribed with his name.

Maya’s tomb at Saqqara was partly excavated by German archaeologist Karl Richard Lepsius in 1843, however it had been plundered twenty years earlier when this statue of Maya and his wife Merit was sold to the National Museum of Antiquities in Leiden, Netherlands.

After Lepsius’ probing the tomb was lost to the desert sands for 140 years. Then in the 1970s a joint expedition of archaeologists from the Egypt Exploration Society in London and the Rijksmuseum van Oudheden in Leiden, Netherlands began a quest to rediscover the tomb. In February 1986 they finally succeeded.

Today’s Maya and Merit’s wonderfully restored tomb is a highlight of a visit to the ancient necropolis of Saqqara.

Nut with wings

Nut with wings
This flat lid lay on the mummy of the Amon priest Amenhotep.
On the breast kneels the goddess of heaven Nut, spreading her wings protectively over the dead.
Nut also helps the dead to be reborn: he is considered her own son Osiris.

A vessel of alabaster bearing names.

A vessel of alabaster bearing names - Tutankhamun and his wife, Ankh Amun. The upper part is decorated with friezes and floral patterns that settle the pot on a base in the form of a body. The body is surrounded by three cartridges on the left side. 

RING TUT ANKH AMON.

The ring of King Tutankhamun..from green agate and pure gold and King Tut used it to stamp .. all royal orders

Ivory headrest from Tutankhamen’s tomb Cairo Museum.

Ivory headrest from Tutankhamen’s tomb Cairo Museum

The Tutankhamun burial.

Bronze and wood candlesticks from the Tutankhamun burial

The Tutankhamun burialCorbis.

Bronze and wood candlesticks from the Tutankhamun burialCorbis.

Trumpets from the tomb of King Tutankhamen.

Trumpets from the tomb of King Tutankhamen

They were unearthed in his tomb collection in 1922

The presentations of these trumpets are all the trumpets that were found from ancient Egypt and using their systems were mindful of the religious and military ceremonies that the little pharaoh was attending,

Some say that those who blow into one of these horns ignite a general revolution

 Each collection of King Tut’s monuments is in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, including these trumpets.

Serqet.

Serqet

Is one of the protectives goddesses of the Mummy
(isis_ Naftis _ nit_ serqt)
Appear on the female form above her head scorpion.
funeral furniture of King Tutankhamun furniture.

SHEATHS OF GOLD AND GOLD SANDALS.

SHEATHS OF GOLD AND GOLD SANDALS.

Sheaths of gold and gold sandals used at funeral parties

The eighteenth family

About 1479-1425 B.C.

The Metropolitan Museum

Tomb of the Boy King | Entrance to the Tomb of Tut Ankh Amon.

This phrase is inscribed at the entrance to the tomb of Pharaoh Tutankhamun.

Indeed, during ten years, everyone who had anything to do with the opening of the cemetery died.

The first of them was Mohamed Zakaria, the Egyptian archaeologist, who discovered the true cemetery

The wife of the young king Tutankhamun

From Karnak Temple

Ankh amon

The wife of the young king Tutankhamun

In the form of the goddess of death

The throne of King Tutankhamun

The throne of King TutankhamunThe son of King Akhenaten.

And on him the name of the king reads Ibn Ra, Tutankhamen, who gives life forever

This prompted many researchers to assume that this chair is

King Tut's coronation chair on Tel el-Amarna before returning again to Thebes.